{"id":23131,"date":"2015-02-04T04:58:08","date_gmt":"2015-02-04T12:58:08","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.backblaze.com\/blog\/?p=23131"},"modified":"2021-08-13T05:03:28","modified_gmt":"2021-08-13T12:03:28","slug":"hard-drive-data-feb2015","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.backblaze.com\/blog\/hard-drive-data-feb2015\/","title":{"rendered":"Reliability Data Set for 41,000 Hard Drives Now Open-source"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-23141\" src=\"https:\/\/www.backblaze.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/02\/blog-stats-data.jpg\" alt=\"blog-stats-data\" width=\"720\" height=\"405\" srcset=\"https:\/\/backblazeprod.wpenginepowered.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/02\/blog-stats-data.jpg 720w, https:\/\/backblazeprod.wpenginepowered.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/02\/blog-stats-data-300x169.jpg 300w, https:\/\/backblazeprod.wpenginepowered.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/02\/blog-stats-data-560x315.jpg 560w, https:\/\/backblazeprod.wpenginepowered.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/02\/blog-stats-data-220x124.jpg 220w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 720px) 100vw, 720px\" \/><\/p>\n<p id=\"bzdropcap\"><strong>Stats geeks: Now it&#8217;s your turn.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Backblaze has released the raw data collected from the more than 41,000 disk drives in our data center. To the best of our knowledge, this is the largest data set on disk drive performance ever to be made available publicly.<\/p>\n<p>Over the past 16 months, I have been posting information about<a href=\"\/blog\/hard-drive-stats-for-2019\/\"> hard drive reliability<\/a> based on the raw data that we collect in the Backblaze data center. I have been crunching those numbers to correlate drive failures with drive model numbers, with SMART statistics, and other variables.<\/p>\n<p>There are lots of smart people out there who like working with data, and you may be one of them. Now it\u2019s your turn to pore over the data and find hidden treasures of insight. All we ask is that if you find something interesting, that you post it publicly for the benefit of the computing community as a whole.<\/p>\n<h2>What\u2019s in the Data?<\/h2>\n<p>The data that we have released is in two files, one containing the 2013 data and one containing the 2014 data. We\u2019ll add data for 2015 and so on in a similar fashion.<\/p>\n<p>Every day, the software that runs the Backblaze data center takes a snapshot of the state of every drive in the data center, including the drive\u2019s serial number, model number, and all of its SMART data. The SMART data includes the number of hours the drive has been running, the temperature of the drive, whether sectors have gone bad, and many more things. (I wrote a <a title=\"Hard Drive Smart Stats\" href=\"https:\/\/www.backblaze.com\/blog\/hard-drive-smart-stats\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">blog post<\/a> correlating SMART data with drive failures a few months ago.)<\/p>\n<p>Each day, all of the drive \u201csnapshots\u201d are processed and written to a new daily stats file. Each daily stats file has one row for every drive operational in the data center that day. For example, there are 365 daily stats files in the 2014 data package with each file containing a \u201csnapshot\u201d for each drive operational on any given day.<\/p>\n<h2>What Does It Look Like?<\/h2>\n<p>Each daily stats file is in CSV (comma-separated value) format. The first line lists the names of the columns, and then each following line has all of the values for those columns. Here are the columns:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Date:<\/strong> The date of the file in yyyy-mm-dd format.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Serial Number:<\/strong> The manufacturer-assigned serial number of the drive.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Model:<\/strong> The manufacturer-assigned model number of the drive.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Capacity:<\/strong> The <a href=\"\/blog\/hamr-hard-drives\/\">drive capacity<\/a> in bytes.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Failure:<\/strong> Contains a \u201c0\u201d if the drive is OK. Contains a \u201c1\u201d if this is the last day the drive was operational before failing.<\/li>\n<li><strong>SMART Stats:<\/strong> 80 columns of data that are the raw and normalized values for 40 different SMART stats as reported by the given drive. Each value is the number reported by the drive.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>The Wikipedia page on SMART (<a title=\"SMART Wikipedia page\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/S.M.A.R.T.\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/S.M.A.R.T.<\/a>) has a good description of all of the data, and what the raw and scaled values are. The short version is that the raw value is the data directly from the drive. For example, the &#8220;Power On Hours&#8221; attribute reports the number of hours in the raw value. The normalized value is designed to tell you when the drive is OK. It starts at 100 and goes down to zero as the drive gets sick. (Some drives count down from 200.)<\/p>\n<h2>How to <a href=\"https:\/\/www.backblaze.com\/b2\/solutions\/compute.html\">Compute<\/a> Failure Rates<\/h2>\n<p>One of my statistics professors once said, \u201cIt\u2019s all about counting.\u201d And that\u2019s certainly true in this case.<\/p>\n<p>A failure rate says what fraction of drives have failed over a given time span. Let\u2019s start by calculating a daily failure rate, which will tell us what fraction of drives fail each day. We\u2019ll start by counting \u201cdrive days\u201d and \u201cfailures.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>To count drive days, we\u2019ll take a look every day and see how many drives are running. Here\u2019s a week in the life of a (small) data center:<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/02\/blog_datacenter_dots_1.png\" data-rel=\"lightbox-gallery-ahU8RiQS\" data-rl_title=\"\" data-rl_caption=\"\" title=\"\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-large wp-image-23151\" src=\"https:\/\/www.backblaze.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/02\/blog_datacenter_dots_1-1024x174.png\" alt=\"blog_datacenter_dots_1\" width=\"700\" height=\"119\" srcset=\"https:\/\/backblazeprod.wpenginepowered.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/02\/blog_datacenter_dots_1-1024x174.png 1024w, https:\/\/backblazeprod.wpenginepowered.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/02\/blog_datacenter_dots_1-300x51.png 300w, https:\/\/backblazeprod.wpenginepowered.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/02\/blog_datacenter_dots_1-768x130.png 768w, https:\/\/backblazeprod.wpenginepowered.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/02\/blog_datacenter_dots_1-560x95.png 560w, https:\/\/backblazeprod.wpenginepowered.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/02\/blog_datacenter_dots_1.png 1050w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p>Each of the blue dots represents a drive running on a given day. On Sunday and Monday, there are 15 drives running. Then one goes away, and from Tuesday through Saturday there are 14 drives each day. Adding them up we get 15 + 15 + 14 + 14 + 14 + 14 + 14 = 100. That\u2019s 100 drive days.<\/p>\n<p>Now, let\u2019s look at drive failures. One drive failed on Monday and was not replaced. Then, one died on Wednesday and was promptly replaced. The red dots indicate the drive failures:<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/02\/blog_datacenter_dots_2.png\" data-rel=\"lightbox-gallery-ahU8RiQS\" data-rl_title=\"\" data-rl_caption=\"\" title=\"\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-large wp-image-23161\" src=\"https:\/\/www.backblaze.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/02\/blog_datacenter_dots_2-1024x176.png\" alt=\"blog_datacenter_dots_2\" width=\"700\" height=\"120\" srcset=\"https:\/\/backblazeprod.wpenginepowered.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/02\/blog_datacenter_dots_2-1024x176.png 1024w, https:\/\/backblazeprod.wpenginepowered.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/02\/blog_datacenter_dots_2-300x51.png 300w, https:\/\/backblazeprod.wpenginepowered.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/02\/blog_datacenter_dots_2-768x132.png 768w, https:\/\/backblazeprod.wpenginepowered.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/02\/blog_datacenter_dots_2-560x96.png 560w, https:\/\/backblazeprod.wpenginepowered.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/02\/blog_datacenter_dots_2.png 1050w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p>So we have two drive failures in 100 drive days of operation. To get the daily failure rate, you simply divide. Two divided by 100 is 0.02, or 2%. The daily failure rate is 2%.<\/p>\n<p>The annual failure rate is the daily failure rate multiplied by 365. If we had a full year made of weeks like the one above, the annual failure rate would be 730%.<\/p>\n<p>Annual failures rates can be higher than 100%. Let\u2019s think this through. Say we keep 100 drives running in our data center at all times, replacing drives immediately when they fail. At a daily failure rate of 2%, that means two drives fail each day, and after a year 730 drives will have died. We can have an annual failure rate above 100% if drives last less than a year on average.<\/p>\n<p>Computing failure rates from the data that Backblaze has released is a matter of counting drive days and counting failures. Each row in each daily drive stats file is one drive day. Each failure is marked with a \u201c1\u201d in the failure column. Once a drive has failed, it is removed from subsequent daily <a href=\"\/blog\/backblaze-hard-drive-stats-q3-2019\/\">drive stats<\/a> files.<\/p>\n<p>To get the daily failure rate of drives in the Backblaze data center, you can take the number of failures counted in a given group of daily stats files, and divide by the number of rows in the same group of daily stats files. That\u2019s it!<\/p>\n<h2>Where Is the Data?<\/h2>\n<p>You\u2019ll find links to download the data files <a title=\"Hard Drive Test Data\" href=\"https:\/\/www.backblaze.com\/cloud-storage\/resources\/hard-drive-test-data\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">here<\/a>. You\u2019ll also find instructions on how to create your own sqlite database for the data, and other information related to the files you can download.<\/p>\n<h2>Let Us Know What You Find<\/h2>\n<p>That\u2019s about all you need to know about the data to get started. If you work with the data and find something interesting, let us know!<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Stats geeks: Now it&#8217;s your turn. Backblaze has released the raw data collected from the more than 41,000 disk drives in our data center. To the best of our knowledge, this is the largest data set on disk drive performance ever to be made available publicly. Over the past 16 months, I have been posting&hellip; <a class=\"more-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.backblaze.com\/blog\/hard-drive-data-feb2015\/\">Continue reading <span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Reliability Data Set for 41,000 Hard Drives Now Open-source<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":15,"featured_media":23141,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"content-type":"","footnotes":"","jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[7,457],"tags":[468],"class_list":["post-23131","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-cloud-storage","category-hard-drive-stats","tag-b2cloud","entry"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.2 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Reliability Data Set for 41,000 Hard Drives Now Open-source<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Stats geeks: Now it&#039;s your turn. 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